Rajasthan, known for its diverse ecosystems ranging from arid deserts to semi-arid grasslands and forested hills, hosts a wide array of medicinal plant species with therapeutic and commercial value. However, increasing anthropogenic pressures, climate change, overharvesting, and habitat degradation are threatening the survival of many of these valuable species. This review explores the genetic diversity of endangered medicinal plants in Rajasthan, their ecological significance, and the current and emerging conservation strategies needed to ensure their survival. The paper advocates for an integrative and sustainable framework for conserving these natural resources by emphasizing in-situ and ex-situ approaches, biotechnology applications, and community involvement.